O trabalho procura revisitar o materialismo histórico, as considerações marxianas sobre a “intimidade burguesa” e, por consequência, suas conclusões sobre a incidência dos imperativos sistêmicos e da lógica do Capital na condução da vida cotidiana. O argumento central do trabalho é que a crítica marxiana à intimidade hipostasiada pela sociedade fundada pelo Capital não está reduzida aos elementos dados a priori por sua teoria econômica, mas sintetiza um percurso teórico impulsionado pela antropologia filosófica presente nos Manuscritos de 1844. Desse modo, (...) o trabalho afirma que, sobretudo porque estabelece uma clara distinção entre natureza e cultura, Marx pôde divorciar-se da moralidade hegeliana e afirmar o caráter histórico, ideológico e contingente das relações familiares. Nesse sentido, será demonstrado que ao afirmar a primazia do individualismo possessivo da família burguesa, o autor identifica o “proprietário privado” e o “marido burguês” - no sentido de que a intimidade burguesa é configurada, antes de tudo, pelo sentimento de apropriação do outro. Por fim, discute-se o modo como essas relações assimétricas são trabalhadas n'O Capital, onde a esfera íntima aparece com uma dupla função: a alimentação material do sociometabolismo do capital e a alimentação moral do sistema. (shrink)

¿Ciencias sociales o ciencias de la sociedad? -- La adquisición e intercambio de conocimiento -- La formación y evolución del lenguaje -- La formación de valores, moral y costumbre -- Bases metodológicas para el estudio histórico de los fenómenos sociales -- Cooperación social y gobierno.

El presente artículo busca dar con la influencia de Baruch Spinoza en el pensamiento de Xavier Zubiri en torno al tema de la materia y de allí entender lo que es lo estético. Es sabido que Zubiri desde joven fue un gran lector de Spinoza; incluso lo enseñaba en detalle a su amiga-estudiante María Zambrano. Y lo que pensamos es que Zubiri siempre estuvo influenciado por el pensador holandés y esto se ve reflejado en cómo Zubiri trata su concepto de (...) materia, clave en su obra; y tal concepto nos permite, por ejemplo, entender lo estético en el pensador español. (shrink)

Bullying is a phenomenon that affects children and adolescents worldwide, and it has major consequences for all participants involved in these situations. In Chile, researchers have validated several instruments used to investigate aggression between peers and school violence, but there is a lack of validation of instruments to investigate bullying. The purpose of this study was to provide evidence of the validity and reliability of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire—Revised version in the Chilean context. The participants were 2,775 students from schools (...) of low, medium, and high socioeconomic status. OBVQ-R is a self-report questionnaire with 42 items, which has been used in different countries, and has adequate psychometric properties to assess the prevalence of victimization and aggression and various forms of bullying worldwide. Results confirmed the two-factor structure of the OBVQ-R and good reliability. These dimensions seem to be correlated. Comparison between OBVQ-R with the School Violence between Peers Questionnaire and the Internet Experiences Questionnaire showed some degree of agreement. The Item Response Theory analysis showed that the item about verbal bullying, in both subscales, had the lowest-severity parameters, meaning that these forms of bullying were the most prevalent. The higher-severity parameter in the victimization scale was the cyberbullying item, and the sexual bullying item showed higher severity in the perpetration subscale. The differential item functioning analysis by gender showed a trend in which boys responded with lower-severity parameters than girls. In the victimization scale, the exception was the item about spreading rumors, and in the perpetration subscale, it was the item about racial bullying. We have provided evidence of the validation of OBVQ-R among school-age children and adolescents in Chile. This study is part of a trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02898324. (shrink)

Reseña de Sebastian Luft. Meditaciones fenomenológicas y (neo)kantianas. Filosofía trascendental, cultura y teoría de las ciencias. Bogotá: Aula de Humanidades, 2019, 334pp.

La transmisión de la filosofía al continente americano puede rastrearse materialmente por medio del examen de las redes comerciales que procuraron la numerosa llegada de libros que alimentaron a las primeras bibliotecas coloniales. En ellas se resguardaron variadas obras filosóficas y humanísticas que fueron fundamentales en la promoción y el desarrollo de la cultura escrita y la educación. Al revisar algunos aspectos centrales del comercio, el control librario y la colección de obras afines en las primeras bibliotecas privadas y religiosas, (...) se pretende reconstruir, al menos en sus rasgos característicos, el devenir de la filosofía en el Nuevo Mundo. The transmission of philosophy to the Americas can be traced through the examination of the commercial networks that provided the first colonial libraries with books. These vast collections contained various philosophical and humanistic works that were a key factor in the promotion and the development of written culture and education. Reviewing some aspects on trading, book inventory and the collection of related works in the first private and religious libraries, the main goal is to reconstruct, at least in its characteristic features, the development of philosophy in the New World. (shrink)

This article reflects on two contrasting intellectual profiles: the Argentinian university lecturer Ernesto Quesada and the Mexican intellectual José Vasconcelos, who visited Argentina in 1922. As we shall see, both define the University Reform in a contrasting way a few years after 1918. On the one hand, Quesada advocates conceiving the Reform as a key experience in order to make advances in the professionalisation of university teaching and research, autonomising these practices from politics. On the other hand, Vasconcelos resists disciplinary (...) specialisation and defends the construction of continental political leaderships, within the reformist movement, in line with the Mexican Revolution experience. Likewise, this article addresses certain points of contact between Vasconcelos and the Argentinian Ricardo Rojas who ideologically converge and also distance themselves from each other on their assessment of the Reform in the years that spanned the 1920s to 1930s. (shrink)

“But in the history of cross-breeding, the union effected outside marriage was of infinitely greater importance. The tales of the chroniclers and missionaries often paint a dark picture of the relations between conqueror and Indian woman—rape, kidnapping, sale and exchange of women, a system of concubinage and harems etc.” (Angel Rosenblatt, La Población indigena de América)“There is racial conflict in Latin America and racial harmony which can be seen only by those who have eyes. The governments and the people themselves (...) see them only very late.” (Sarmiento, Conflicto y Armonías de las razas en América)The colonial period left no fertile seeds for a culture in the soil of South America. As Ricardo Rojas assures us, “We do not find a single imaginative work in prose in these three hundred years.” “All of our colonial literature is confined within the limits of the historical genre…everything in it is the unfolding of a chronicle. To fix the memory of social facts, memorials were written to military conquests and hagiographies of spiritual ones, poems on the English invasions and the emancipation of America. Even the brief erotic and religious poems are only monuments in verse, and so are Tejeda's works whose autobiographical character cannot be denied.” (La Literatura Argentina). (shrink)

We respond in this paper to various counter arguments advanced against our stance on conscientious objection accommodation. Contra Maclure and Dumont, we show that it is impossible to develop reliable tests for conscientious objectors' claims with regard to the reasonableness of the ideological basis of their convictions, and, indeed, with regard to whether they actually hold they views they claim to hold. We demonstrate furthermore that, within the Canadian legal context, the refusal to accommodate conscientious objectors would not constitute undue (...) hardship for such objectors. We reject concerns that refusing to accommodate conscientious objectors would limit the equality of opportunity for budding professionals holding particular ideological positions. We also clarify various misrepresentations of our views by respondents Symons, Glick and Jotkowitz, and Lyus. (shrink)

When faced with the charge that a given concept of God is contradictory, the standard move among philosophers and theologians has been to try to explain away the contradiction and show that the concept of God in question is consistent. This has to do, of course, with the Law of Non-Contradiction (LNC). Another option, which has recently generated interest among logicians and analytic philosophers of religion, is to reject such a move as unnecessary and defend what might be called the (...) contradictory God thesis. To be sure, something close to that can be found in philosophers such as Pseudo-Dionysius, Thomas Aquinas and Nicolaus de Cusa. However, it is only recently that this approach has gained momentum, certainly driven by the contemporary advance of dialetheism and glut theoretic approaches in general, and paraconsistent logic. Needless to say, a standard move among defenders of the contradictory God thesis is to challenge the LNC. The argumentation, however, is seldomly framed in conceptual terms. Instead, it is mostly framed in ontological terms, as God being a contradictory entity. From this perspective, the contradictory God thesis is the thesis that God is a contradictory object. My goal in this paper is to provide a conceptual assessment of the discussion surrounding the contradictory God thesis. To achieve this, I make use of a general and hopefully non-controversial meta-theory of concepts and adopt a semantic approach rather than a metaphysical one. Within this framework, I address the following questions: What are the different ways we can understand the contradictory God thesis? What grounds are there for rejecting a contradictory concept of God? What standard moves are available to defend oneself from such criticisms and how do they relate to the LNC? What challenges do they present? As a secondary goal, the paper introduces a novel defense of the contradictory God thesis, drawing on a specific interpretation of the theology of the 16th-century Indian thinker Jīva Gosvāmī, which avoids the need to challenge the LNC. I term this approach ‘non-dialetheic mystical contradictory theism.’. (shrink)

This essay has two parts: 1) a negative or destructive one, which consists of showing that there is no anomaly, even apparent, in the concept of ‘truth’ (and ‘falsehood’), so that the available theories of truth are not justified, either to solve or react to this alleged problem; 2) a positive or constructive one, which consists of proposing a characterization of truth (and falsehood) based solely on the “objective aspect” of this concept. Here, I will associate the concept of ‘truth’ (...) with the concept of ‘existence’, taking them as two different species of a common genus. Along the way, I will critically analyze the theories of truth “available on the market” and argue that truth only has an “objective aspect”. (shrink)

We study the possible values of the cofinality invariant for various Borel ideals on the natural numbers. We introduce the notions of a fragmented and gradually fragmented ideal and prove a dichotomy for fragmented ideals. We show that every gradually fragmented ideal has cofinality consistently strictly smaller than the cardinal invariant and produce a model where there are uncountably many pairwise distinct cofinalities of gradually fragmented ideals.

In response to conventional rationalistic approaches to management and corporate governance, the Aristotelian tradition is emerging as a basis for alternative theories in which practical wisdom is central. This paper, following Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas, considers the specificity of “political wisdom” -directed to the common good- as being different from individual practical wisdom. We suggest that the business firm is a “political community”, understood as a whole formed by free and intelligent individuals called to cooperate for common goals and to (...) pursue a common good. This orientation toward the common good requires political wisdom. After discussing the concepts of “political wisdom” and the business firm as “political community” we propose a number of implications of political wisdom in management and corporate governance. (shrink)

Relational Quantum Mechanics is an interpretation of quantum theory based on the idea of abolishing the notion of absolute states of systems, in favor of states of systems relative to other systems. Such a move is claimed to solve the conceptual problems of standard quantum mechanics. Moreover, RQM has been argued to account for all quantum correlations without invoking non-local effects and, in spite of embracing a fully relational stance, to successfully explain how different observers exchange information. In this work, (...) we carry out a thorough assessment of RQM and its purported achievements. We find that it fails to address the conceptual problems of standard quantum mechanics—related to the lack of clarity in its ontology and the rules that govern its behavior—and that it leads to serious conceptual problems of its own. We also uncover as unwarranted the claims that RQM can correctly explain information exchange among observers, and that it accommodates all quantum correlations without invoking non-local influences. We conclude that RQM is unsuccessful in its attempt to provide a satisfactory understanding of the quantum world. (shrink)

This essay explores the ontological movement of poetry, its language and words, by establishing a dialogue with the thought of three Japanese thinkers, Ki no Tsurayuki, Motoori Norinaga and Fujitani Mitsue, and the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. The overall purpose, as we progress from one to the other, is to present, explore and disclose a horizon where poetry gradually becomes the locus of a philosophy of language that places it at the genesis of mutual understanding, ethics and, thus, of community.

A volunteer effort by Artificial Intelligence researchers has shown it can deliver significant research outcomes rapidly to help tackle COVID-19. Within two months, CLAIRE’s self-organising volunteers delivered the World’s first comprehensive curated repository of COVID-19-related datasets useful for drug-repurposing, drafted review papers on the role CT/x-ray scan analysis and robotics could play, and progressed research in other areas. Given the pace required and nature of voluntary efforts, the teams faced a number of challenges. These offer insights in how better to (...) prepare for future volunteer scientific efforts and large scale, data-dependent AI collaborations in general. We offer seven recommendations on how to best leverage such efforts and collaborations in the context of managing future crises. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es el de mostrar los logros y el límite del pensamiento de Heidegger desde el análisis de dos pasos en falso. El primer paso en falso nos enseña contra qué se posiciona su filosofía, el otro nos enseña dentro de qué línea de la tradición filosófica se halla, porque, aunque el propio Heidegger ha puesto en entredicho el primer paso en falso, ha asumido el segundo.

Este artículo intenta leer la obra del pintor Lucian Freud desde el marco conceptual abierto por el pensamiento estético de Gilles Deleuze. Se parte de lo expresado en las pinturas y de la reflexión de los críticos para alcanzar los conceptos filosóficos que permitan responder a los problemas del presente.

Em termos das proposições desenvolvidas por Jacques Derrida, introduz-se a deconstrução, no campo psicanalítico, de um de seus núcleos conceituais mais estabilizados, o complexo de Édipo. Revisa-se a contaminação mito-política desse conceito e os impasses que ele provoca na psicanálise tradicional. Colateralmente, consideram-se algumas implicações clínicas.En términos de las proposiciones largamente desarrolladas por Jacques Derrida, se introduce la desconstrucción en el campo psicoanalítico, a propósito y con objeto de uno de sus núcleos conceptuales más estabilizados, el de complejo de Edipo. (...) Se pasa revista a la contaminación mitopolítica de este concepto y a las impasses a las que lleva al psicoanálisis tradicional. Colateralmente se consideran algunas implicancias clínicas.Taking help in Jacques Derrida's ideas about desconstruction, this text introduces the practice of deconstructing in psychoanalitic field and theory. The main target here is the concept - not as a mere empirical fact - of Oedipus complex. The text develops a long series of points of contamination - in a myth-political sense - of that concept, as such as its impasses and - in a more colateral way - clinical consequences. (shrink)

It is a fact that there is ethical criticism about art. Art critics, the general public and even artists point out moral flaws in artworks while evaluating them. Philosophers, however, have maintained a hot debate on the meaning of such criticism. This debate can be understood as a disagreement about the kind of relation between the artistic value of artworks and their alleged moral value. While some claim that moral value can contribute to artistic value (moralism), others claim that there (...) cannot be such a contribution (autonomism). Since at least some works of architecture are artworks, that debate also concerns architecture. A moderate moralist view claims that some works of architecture have moral flaws/merits that bear on their artistic evaluation. In an apparently promising version, the contention is that some moral flaws/merits are aesthetically relevant. In this paper I argue against such contention and defend an autonomist view. Following some taxonomy remarks I distinguish the views in the debate and present two points in favour of autonomism: its simplicity and not having the burden of proof. Then I discuss Carroll’s merited response argument for moralism and I argue that in its best interpretation either it begs the question against autonomism or it is compatible with it. I conclude with some possible objections that may help further investigations on the subject. (shrink)

The article investigates from the book “Images despite everything”, by Georges Didi-Huberman (2020), four remaining photographs of Crematorium V in Auschwitz-Birkenau, taken in August 1944, by the Greek Jew Alberto Errera, a member of the Sonderkommando. It is noteworthy that it is his photographic gesture invested with the most intense emotional sense (pathos) that gives his images an indicial character that effectively operates as testimony (superstes) allowing one to imagine what is considered “unimaginable” by “Holocaust metaphysicians”. Reacting to the thesis (...) of the impossibility of representing the gas chambers, according to which any attempt to configure them would be a falsification of suffering by concession to aestheticization, the article states that it is necessary to know what is possible, whatever it is about the pain that took place there. It is also evident that it is the “zones of opacity” in Alberto Errera’s photos that, by conveying the pathos, activate the imagination and force the viewer’s thoughts. It is its “out of framing” that, mobilizing the gaze without stopping, from the icon to the index and from that to that, does not operate as an interdiction, but, on the contrary, it is what makes one see and know something more about what happened there. Finally, it can be concluded that Alberto Errera’s gesture transformed the “historical reality”, made of horror and upheaval, into a possibility of memory for the future, using only a remnant of celluloid. (shrink)

Este ensayo ofrece un análisis del argumento de Crisipo a favor de que todo tiene una causa en Cicerón, De Fato 20. Para ello, se discute en qué sentido el argumento es fatalista y si el tipo de fatalismo que implica alienta la inacción. Asimismo, se presenta una nueva interpretación de la réplica de Crisipo al Argumento Perezoso en Eusebio, Praep. ev. 6.8.28. En particular se sostiene que, para Crisipo, la relación entre sucesos codestinados es analítica: a fin de determinar (...) qué sucesos futuros están codestinados con sucesos presentes, basta analizar los conceptos que se emplean para describir los primeros. /// In this paper I undertake an examination of Chrysippus' argument in Cicero's De Fato 20 for the view that everything has a cause, by discussing in what sense it is fatalist and whether the kind of fatalism it implies encourages idleness. A novel interpretation is offered of Chrysippus' refutation of the Idle Argument at Eusebius, Praep. ev. 6.8.28. In particular, I argue that for Chrysippus the connection between co-fated events is analytic: to determine which future events are co-fated with present ones, it is sufficient to analyse the concepts that are used to describe the former. (shrink)

El régimen establecido por Hugo Chávez y continuado por Nicolás Maduro en Venezuela ha generado repercusiones sociales, migratorias, económicas y políticas que han trascendido las fronteras del país, convirtiéndose en un factor desestabilizador para la democracia y la seguridad de América Latina. Para explicar dicho fenómeno, se propone analizar los antecedentes, contextos y elementos que propiciaron su surgimiento y consolidación. Para ello, después de discutir el concepto y las características del populismo, se hace una revisión de su plasmación histórica en (...) los populismos clásicos latinoamericanos de mediados del siglo XX. La sección final se centra en analizar las peculiaridades del neopopulismo latinoamericano y del Socialismo del Siglo XXI en Venezuela. A través de esta exploración, se busca comprender sus bases ideológicas, características y consecuencias, así como proponer hipótesis sobre las causas de su permanencia en el poder. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo analizamos Chiloé y los chilotes de Francisco J. Cavada desde un enfoque glotopolítico, destacando el papel que las representaciones sobre el lenguaje chilote contenidas en esta obra desempeñan en el contexto de la consolidación y modernización del Estado-nación chileno de comienzos del siglo XX. Cavada enfatiza que las características que configuran la singularidad lingüística de Chiloé están en retirada, al momento de escribir su obra, y que esto es síntoma de la modernización de la isla y (...) de su inevitable integración a la República de Chile. De tal modo, el ciclo lingüístico chilote de Cavada forma parte de la legitimación y planificación de imagen del archipiélago. Al mismo tiempo, mostramos que la obra de Cavada cobra también un sentido político al inscribirse en la construcción de conocimientos gestada desde la Sociedad de Folklore Chileno, que pretendía, sobre bases positivistas, generar conocimientos científicos sobre las zonas fronterizas que fueran útiles al proyecto modernizador del Estado-nación chileno. (shrink)